European Union is interesting topic for every regional countries to be good example to know how economy integration in one regional can take place well. Historically, European Union is more focused in economy cooperation but the real background is politic factor, from avoid European war again to enlarge integration until new democracy country in Central and East Europe . Even though the purpose is politic, but the instrument which is used is economy because economy has lower effect to realize integration than politic itself or military.[1]
The most interesting European Union is not from one economy bloc but two, European Economic Community (EEC) and European Free Trade Association (EFTA), in this progress naturally merge become one bloc economy. There are three important points in development of economic integration:
(1) Formation of Customs Union from 1958 to 1968 which break of tariff and non tariff trade intra European Union
(2) One market program from 1986 to 1992 which break of non tariff barrier and liberalize capital flow in European Union.
(3) Integration of monetary and economy in most of all European Union currency members.[2]
European Union has strike policy in agriculture sector protection, by determine limitation (CAP) which make crops more expensive than domestic price. By developing technology, European Union shift from importer to exporter. In this condition European Union still maintain its CAP even become dilemma when must pervade domestic overproduction in maintaining price standard. Agriculture policy is the most use up European Union budget and become important issue relating with fair distribution. Economy bloc policy make domestic market bigger and compete to eliminate inefficient company at once. It cause national ego of economy bloc member appear to maintain national company by giving fund which make bias toward economy bloc policy itself. To avoid this, European Union implement limitations fund is permitted. In transnational trade, European Committee has legitimate to negotiate with outsider where external tariff which is decided is low but agriculture budget is four times bigger than industry sector.
As reaction of American dollar domination and its influence to currency stability, European Union countries try to make new system which can guarantee their stability money.[3] Deutschmark as the stablest money at that time is used to page but it is fail. Finally, they intend to do monetary integration-euro- and fiscal policy. But because certain reason, not all member state can change their money to Euro, some of them because their own choice and other has not fulfill the requirement. Single currency is not early step but final of convergence process in which capability of member state to reach price stability and maintain it.
The newest report is said that economy of European Union is decline more than predicted before because of global crisis.[4] This tendency is looked from Gross Domestic Income which decrease until 0.3 percent. To perceive this economic decline, member states of European Union mark up deficit calculation more than limitation of European Union, 3 percent of Gross Domestic Income every country. European make that rule to keep economy of European Union Countries stable and maintain stability of Euro.[5] Its inflation influence money currencies in the other country especially which make relation and cooperation with European Union. Even though this problem has not been finished but overall European Union is a system which ally policy which is purposed to strengthen and integrate member states economy, social and law.
Nowadays European Union is not only ordinary economy entity, but also superpower global economy.[6] For joining European Union, a country must have stable democracy which assure of law supremacy. That country must also have functional economic trade and public administration which can apply and manage constitution of European Union. In monetary aspect European Union is supported by European monetary inspector agency, social economy committee, and European Investment Bank.
Citizens of EU
The term of EU citizens is officially recognized in 1992 by the signed of Maastricht Treaty. According to the amended Treaties of Rome, article 17 (1), the EU citizens are those people who live in all EU’s member states. As the other citizens of state , citizens of EU also got their rights but also have to obey the Community law. So in this case, they not only live under their state’s ruling, but also the EU’s ruling.
Several rights as an EU citizens are mentioned in amended European Community treaty, those are: the right not to be discriminated against on grounds of nationality, the right of free movement and residence throughout the Union and to apply work in any position, the right to vote and the right to stand in local in any member states, the right to protection by the diplomatic or consular authorities of other member states when in a non-EU member state, the right to petition the European Parliament, the right to apply the community institution, the right of access to European Parliament, Council, and Commission documents.
However, in this case the problem of disparity still appear between the people of Western Europe and Eastern Europe, in which the Western people seems can get totally benefits from those rights of being an EU’s citizen. While the poor one, which refers to people of Eastern Europe get less.
Justice
The court of Justice is one of the older body of EU. It was established under the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1952 and based in Luxemburg. This body usually also called as ‘the Court’. The Court’s main purpose is to make sure that EU legislation is interpreted and applied in the same way in all EU countries, so that the law is equal for everyone. It ensures, for example, that national courts do not give different rulings on the same issue.
The Court consists of one judge per member state so that all member states are represented by one judge. Beside the judge, the works in the Court also assisted by eight advocates-general. Each of the judge and advocate general is appointed for a term of six years.
Here are some cases that may to be resolved by the Court, those are:
- references for a preliminary ruling;
- actions for failure to fulfill an obligation;
- actions for annulment;
- actions for failure to act;
- actions for damages.
References
Baldwin, Richard and Charles Wyplosz. The Economics of European Integration: 2nd Edition. McGraw Hill
http://www.voanews.com/ accessed 10 November 2009
http://www.delidn.ec.europa.eu/en/special/bluebook/BB07-ID1.pdf accessed 10 November 2009
[1] Richard Baldwin and Charles Wyplosz. The Economics of European Integration: 2nd Edition. McGraw Hill
[2] Ibid. Baldwin
[3] Opcit Baldwin
[4] http://www.voanews.com/ accessed 10 November 2009
[5] Opcit Baldwin
[6] http://www.delidn.ec.europa.eu/en/special/bluebook/BB07-ID1.pdf accessed 10 November 2009
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